The report presents the findings of a two-week field assessment that reviewed livelihood programs targeting returning internally displaced persons in the Midwest region of Nepal and Bhutanese refugees living in seven refugee camps in the southeast of the country. The report details some of the more creative interventions being implemented for both populations by international and local non-governmental organizations – such as relief substitution projects in the refugee camps and value chain interventions with forest users groups and off-season vegetable cooperatives. The report also highlights some of the opportunities that are being over-looked such as capitalizing on the existing in-camp economies and ensuring that vocational training programs are market driven.