Global Health Fellows Program
Technical Advisor III: Senior Technical Advisor for Monitoring and Evaluation of Assistance for Vulnerable Children
Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development
Location: Washington, DC
Assignment: Two year fellowship
GHFP-09-131
The Global Health Fellows Program (GHFP) is a five year cooperative agreement implemented and managed by the Public Health Institute (PHI) in partnership with the Harvard School of Public Health, Management Systems International and Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. GHFP is supported by the US Agency for International Development (USAID).
The goal of GHFP is to improve the effectiveness of USAID Population, Health and Nutrition programs by developing and increasing capacity of health professionals in Washington, DC and overseas. This is accomplished through the recruitment, placement and support of junior, mid and senior level health professionals; a diversity initiative focused on providing internship and mentoring opportunities in international public health to underrepresented communities; and professional and organizational development activities to bolster USAID’s ability to maximize results and strengthen its leadership role in global health.
INTRODUCTION:
PL 109-95, the Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act, was signed into law on November 8, 2005. The Vulnerable Children’s Act calls for the US Government (USG) response to the global orphans and vulnerable children crisis to be comprehensive, coordinated and effective. USAID is the lead USG agency under the Act. Within USAID, The Bureau for Global Health (GH) is the locus of PL 109-95 leadership and the home of the Special Advisor for Orphans and Vulnerable Children, a position mandated by the Act.
Over the past three years there has been progress implementing the Act resulting from the collective efforts of six USG agencies and their partners to help children in need of assistance due to natural disasters, conflict, orphan hood, disease, abandonment, exploitation, abuse, or just simply poverty. But progress has been constrained by global economic developments which are making more children more vulnerable, the fragmented structure of US foreign aid which makes interagency coordination more challenging, and PL 109-95 itself, which is an unfunded mandate.
With increasing numbers of children in need and continued budget constraints it’s more important than ever to improve the coherence, efficiency and impact of the USG response to highly vulnerable children with the resources we have. Therefore, USAID is in the process of increasing attention to PL 109-95: a full-time Special Advisor was appointed and began work in mid-July 2008; a four-person PL 109-95 secretariat is being established; interagency coordination has been reactivated; links with key partners – old and new – are being strengthened; and a FY 2009 PL 109-95 strategy and work plan has been completed. The strategy acknowledges the vital importance of coordinating across USG programs which:
- provide humanitarian assistance to children in need of immediate help;
- ensure children survive the initial phase of their lives;
- prevent children from becoming orphans by keeping their parents alive,
- prevent children from abandonment by keeping their families intact;
- enable children to lessen their vulnerability through education; and
- build local capacity to provide sustainable services to children.
The work plan focuses on two interagency initiatives in FY 2009:
- ensuring limited USG resources are targeted on the most vulnerable children; and
- building child and family welfare capacity of partner countries.
For more information on the Vulnerable Children’s Act please see the first and second annual reports.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
The Senior Technical Advisor for Monitoring and Evaluation of Assistance for Vulnerable Children is a senior level position within the PL 109-95 secretariat. S/he will provide key leadership in developing and implementing an M&E system across all the USG agencies involved in PL 109-95 programming. The Senior Technical Advisor position is an excellent opportunity for an experienced M&E specialist, skilled in working across multiple constituencies, to lead an M&E approach on a critical issue that cuts across many development areas (health, economic growth, child welfare, democracy and governance, etc.).
The Senior Technical Advisor will:
- Provide technical leadership under PL 109-95 with respect to Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) and ensure that USAID, as the lead USG agency under PL 109-95, is in compliance with statutory PL 109-95 M&E requirements. The Act calls for USAID to “…develop methods to adequately track the overall number of orphans and other vulnerable children receiving assistance, the kinds of programs for such children by sector and location, and any other such related data and analysis.” In order to maximize the sustainable development impact of assistance authorized, the Act requires an M&E system that establishes performance goals for the assistance; establishes performance indicators to be used in measuring or assessing the achievement of the performance goals; and provides a basis for recommendations for adjustments to the assistance to enhance its impact.
- Under the oversight of the PL 109-95 interagency working group and in close collaboration with M&E/Strategic Information (SI) teams in partner USG agencies and departments, especially the M&E team of USAID’s Office of HIV/AIDS (OHA) and the SI team at the State Department’s Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, refine and upgrade the existing PL 109-95 M&E system, maintain the system, and, most importantly, assist the interagency team to use the system to better address the needs of orphans and other vulnerable children in developing countries.
- Assist the USG agencies working collaboratively under PL 109-95 to target resources on children most in need. PL 109-95 calls for USAID “…to improve targeting and programming of resources” and establish “…priorities that promote the delivery of assistance to the most vulnerable populations of orphans and children ..." Assist the interagency group to target collective resources judiciously and to continuously improve its ability to identify and respond to the most vulnerable children.
- In collaboration with the USAID/GH communication and knowledge management teams and similar teams at partner USG agencies, maintain a readily accessible, one-stop shop website/clearinghouse with information on highly vulnerable children, USG assistance to such children (who’s doing what, where); lessons learned and best practices; M&E information, volunteer opportunities, etc. The website must entail minimal incremental costs; be integrated with and linked to existing sites and information systems and use data currently collected and reported by USG agencies. Using this clearinghouse, respond to internal and external ad hoc requests for information; provide data for the annual report to Congress, briefing documents, sites visits and other documents.
- Assist USG agencies working collaboratively under PL 109-95 to continuously improve the evaluationof OVC programs. Coordinate periodic USG efforts to update evaluation and research agenda to address priority questions of common concern to the USG and partners; coordinate or provide support in the development and implementation of USG-supported surveys and studies related to orphans and vulnerable children.
Support the interagency working group and OHA communication staff to prepare annual PL 109-95 reports. Ensure annual reports incorporate information generated by the PL 109-95 M&E system and ensure annual reports are used effectively and efficiently as the main means to disseminate best practice and lessons learned, and the main means to track progress against targets, analyze data sets and make recommendations for enhanced program planning, coordination and management of orphans and vulnerable children programs. - Present the PL 109-95 USG interagency group’s work to development partners regarding various M&E task forces, technical working groups and committees to ensure PL 109-95 M&E activities are well coordinated with ongoing partner and country-level M&E efforts; are consistent with internationally-accepted definitions and best practices (e.g., UNICEF); use SI currently collected and reported by USG agencies; and are integrated/compatible with local M&E systems.
Perform other duties as required that support the overall goal of monitoring and evaluating USG assistance for highly vulnerable children to improve the impact and effectiveness of such assistance.
REQUIRED SKILLS, KNOWLEDGE & EXPERIENCE:
- Master’s or doctorate level degree in program evaluation, public health, public policy, epidemiology, demography, social or behavior science or related field required. Post graduate training in monitoring and evaluation highly preferred
- Minimum ten years’ experience implementing public health, child welfare or other social sector programs, of which at least three years should be in a developing country directly related to monitoring and evaluation of programs for orphans and other vulnerable children or public health programs.
Sound knowledge of monitoring and evaluation methodology including frameworks, data quality assurance, analysis reporting and best practices in data dissemination and data use required - Demonstrated knowledge of data management processes and tools including web-based database systems required
- Sound knowledge and experience in information management systems preferred
Experience managing data, information and evaluations on large scale health, child/social welfare, education and or HIV/AIDS activities required - Demonstrated ability to develop positive working relationships with donors, other partners and host country officials in a cross-cultural environment
- Strong interpersonal skills and proven ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships across teams and organizations and with external partners in a complex international and multi-cultural environment
- Strong managerial skills with the ability to plan, organize, coordinate and implement work inputs from several sources and partners, and manage the simultaneous delivery of multiple outputs required
Ability to work independently with little supervision
Demonstrated ability to analyze data and make presentations to an audience; either written or oral in a clear and concise manner - Strong computer and writing skills with proven ability to produce concise well written reports and high quality presentations in word, Excel and Power Point with graphics
- US Citizenship or Permanent Residency required
SALARY AND BENEFITS:
Salary will be based on commensurate experience and earnings history. The Public Health Institute offers a comprehensive benefits package including professional development programs. More information is available here.
TO APPLY:
All applicants are required to apply for this position through GHFP’s online recruitment system at https://www.ghfp.net/recruitment/, which allows you to store your CV, profile and bio data form in our database. A separate cover letter describing your qualifications and experience, interest and familiarity with issues relating to this position, and how this position relates to your career goals is required for each application. All online applications must be submitted by September 8, 2009.
We are proud to be an affirmative action employer.
Malnutrition rates continue to climb throughout the world, and food/nutritional security interventions, particularly those targeting children, are increasingly turning to foreign food aid donations, economic development interventions, and agricultural subsidy programs to address the problem of malnutrition. Donors and implementers alike are asking whether the solutions to these problems lie in interventions involving fortification (adding nutrients to food), nutritional supplementation (provision of vitamins), commercialization (growing food on large scale to be sold in the market), and provision of food aid and therapeutic food (free or subsidized provision of food); or in promoting the use of local resources and traditional knowledge in local gardening or subsistence farming.
Operating in an HIV/AIDS-affected context magnifies the urgency of resolving these questions. People living with HIV (PLWHIV) are often at risk for food and nutritional insecurity due to the disease's negative effect on individual and family resources. In response to this risk, Project Concern International organized the Africa Forum 2009 to strengthen the collective efforts of organizations working on the African continent in the areas of HIV/AIDS and Food and Nutritional Security. At the Forum, practitioners engaged in a debate about whether local gardens or fortification/supplementation/commercialization provide the most effective ways to address food and nutritional security in the context of HIV/AIDS. As with similar dialogues within and among organizations around the world, the debate at the Africa Forum generated much discussion, but little consensus.
The debate addressed questions such as:
- Can small-scale household gardens really meet the nutritional demands of the world's increasing population, or are outside interventions necessary?
- Are nutritional intervention programs necessary for children in urban communities that lack access to land for farming and gardening?
- How do these two different approaches to food and nutritional security fit into the larger picture of sustainable development?
- Don't children with specific diseases, such as HIV, require addition nutritional supplementation that cannot be obtained from simple household gardening systems?
- Are there particular situations where food aid and supplementation are appropriate?
- With the current downturn in the global economy, don’t people need safety nets to ensure health and nutrition?
A particular sticking point for participants was whether dire short-term needs or the demand for long-term sustainability should underpin the decision on which food and nutritional security approach to employ.
Arguments for greater use of food aid, nutritional supplementation, fortification, direct food transfers and commercial agricultural systems concluded that in the short term and the long term they are simply a cheaper - and easier – way to get food and nutrition to thousands of people, especially children. Gardens are risky: they take a long time to grow, they cannot be easily implemented at scale, they require energy to maintain that PLWHIV do not have or need to direct to other income-generating activities, and they need resources such as water, fertile soil and good quality seeds and seedlings, which may be hard to access. Furthermore, specific diseases such as HIV/AIDS, or specific circumstances such as pregnancy, require additional nutritional supplementation and therapeutic food, which cannot be obtained from simple household gardening systems. These are also often essential as immediate forms of treatment when situations reach their most dire: when children could die if they do not receive the nutrition from therapeutic food that they need; when people have illnesses that require special nutritional needs; and in post-conflict or post-natural disaster situations where there has been large population displacement.
The argument for local gardens countered that thousands of local resources can be used for foods and natural medicines. Furthermore, when food needs become dependent on outside funding and food provision, communities are vulnerable to external economic fluctuations, which local gardens can help guard against. Participants brought up cases of poor practices in the provision of food aid, such as long-term provision of minimally nutritious food. In terms of concerns about inputs and resources associated with gardens, it was argued that gardens require less space than people assume: “functional landscaping,” which utilizes all available space to grow food and takes advantage of the fact that many kinds of produce can be grown with little soil, opens gardening up to those who have little access to land, including households in urban areas. In addition, gardening has the potential to be accessible through organizations such as hospitals, churches, and schools. Gardening that utilizes local resources that have adapted to growing conditions over thousands of years helps eliminate the need for purchased seed and agricultural inputs such as synthetic fertilizer, hybrid seeds, and other chemicals. Gardening also carries benefits such as diversifying food crops, which is beneficial to households nutritionally. With a 12-month growing season, gardeners in Africa have the potential to access fresh food year-round with minimal need for cash, and the potential to expand production to the point of being able to sell produce as well as consume it.
Participants did come to one point of agreement: the issue is not one of selecting one approach over another, but marrying household food production with supplementation, fortification, direct food transfers, therapeutic foods, and commercialization in a way that is sustainable and meets communities' and children’s needs. Identifying the best paths to achieving this goal, however, continues to challenge practitioners.
This post was written by Margie Brand and Jennine Carmichael. It draws on information presented during a debate at the Africa Forum 2009, led by Kristoff Nordin and Margie Brand.
- Margie Brand is Program Director for the USAID STRIVE program and Founder of EcoVentures International (EVI). She is an experienced trainer, author, speaker, and curriculum developer in the areas of innovative environmental and youth livelihood development.
- Kristoff Nordin has been living and working in Malawi, Africa in the areas of sustainable agriculture and health for more than a decade. Kristoff and his wife, Stacia, a registered dietician, have identified hundreds of local food plants that can be easily and freely utilized, but are often neglected due to stigma, outside influences, and an ever-growing loss of traditional knowledge.
This study investigates the determinants and characteristics of women’s income in Mali. Malian men and women do not entirely pool their incomes within the household, and women’s income is particularly important in influencing child health and nutritional outcomes. The study estimates two different models: an income determinants model and a model that describes different categories of women based on their income-generating activities. Results from model 1 show that women in the irrigated rice zone have the highest incomes, ceteris paribus, followed by women in the coarse grains zone. The cotton zone produces the lowest women’s incomes, despite having the highest men’s and household income levels. Other significant determinants include the women’s age, being married to the head of the household, the composition of the household and asset levels. In the second model, different income-generating activities have different impacts on incomes, depending on the region in which the women live. Women in the cotton and coarse grains zones receive the highest marginal benefit from participating in the sale of wild products, such as shea butter, but not in the irrigated area, where more profitable agricultural activities exist for women. The results imply that agricultural growth and higher household incomes do not automatically lead to gender equity or better welfare for women and children. In the cotton zone, particularly, complementary interventions are needed to counteract the negative impact of cotton production on women’s incomes.
This AED Knowledge Series event examines the effects of economic strengthening on children, featuring Mike Field (ACDI/VOCA), Margie Brand (AED), Jason Wolfe (USAID), and Michele Akpo (AED) discussing experiences from the field.
For more information, please contact Jennine Carmichael at jcarmichael@aed.org.
This paper reports on the results of testing hypotheses about factors thought to be positively correlated with better nutritional status for rural children in Mali. These factors include:
- Higher agricultural incomes and/or household wealth
- More educated parents
- Mothers who use recommended feeding and childcare practices
- Availability and use of well staffed health facilities
- Parents who are knowledgeable about prevalent childhood diseases
- Use of recommended hygiene and sanitation practices
- Parents’ age, health and genetic attributes
- Location (type of agricultural production system, level of infrastructure, etc.)
Preliminary results suggest that improvements in health center coverage (e.g., reducing the average distance to a health center from 20 to 10 kilometers) and more diversity in complementary foods after six months of age (two or more different foods during a 24 hour period) have the potential to significantly improve standardized height for age scores. Other factors of importance are mothers’ incomes, prenatal visits, and parents’ standardized heights (reflecting either genetic traits or generations of poor nutrition).
The Project on Linkages between Child Nutrition and Agricultural Growth (LICNAG) seeks to identify means of strengthening positive linkages between agricultural development and factors that influence child health and nutritional status. LICNAG is surveying rural households in Mali was to understand the positive and negative repercussions that agricultural-led growth has on children’s health and nutritional status. This report on preliminary survey findings describes child health and nutritional status across three agricultural zones in Mali. Early results of the survey indicate that increasing access to food and income requires measures to reduce price and climatic risk (e.g., water management and transport infrastructure, and diversification of incomes) for agricultural households.
A Policy Synthesis of the findings is available here. The full report can be accessed below.
| Attachment | Size |
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| income concentration and child malnutrition.pdf | 577.17 KB |
In 2007, UNICEF and Save the Children UK convened a meeting entitled Advancing Policy Relevant Research Around Social Welfare Services. In response to the 2007 meeting, UNICEF Child Protection section commissioned three reviews examining the relationship between cash transfers and social welfare services.
In April 2009, social welfare and cash transfer experts gathered in Carmona, Spain to examine the results of the reviews. Meeting delegates explored the findings with a specific focus on integration of social welfare services and cash transfers in Ghana, Chile, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Kenya.
The reviews examined evidence which summarized the following:
- the efficacy of cash transfer initiatives on child outcomes including child protection outcomes;
- the potential contact opportunities within cash transfer programmes for linkages with social welfare services;
- common barriers and challenges faced by beneficiaries across a range of cash transfer programmes;
- the role of the education sector in providing social welfare services where school attendance is an explicit outcome objective in the provision of cash.
The participants determined that There is good evidence on the efficacy of cash transfers on child outcomes, yet it is clear that cash transfers are not enough on their own to respond to child poverty. This and other findings were compiled into a joint communiqué issued by the meeting participants, which can be downloaded by following the link below.
The systematic reviews, alongside advocacy briefs on what the findings mean for policy, practice and future research, will be published in a special issue of the Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies journal later this year.
Following the introduction in the US Senate of the Global Food Security Act, USAID and development implementers will soon be faced with new policy and program choices.
On November 3rd, at the outset of the SEEP Annual Conference, AED and the USAID FIELD-Support Program will host a day of workshops, panel presentations and debate on food security, livelihoods, and economic strengthening. FIELD Day will include a track of sessions on how the topic affects child and youth well-being.
At the close of FIELD Day, please join the Children, Youth and Economic Strengthening Network for a reception celebrating the first anniversary of the CYES Learning Platform.
Registration for FIELD Day and the SEEP Annual Conference is open at the link below.
Please contact Jennine Carmichael at jcarmichael@aed.org for more information about the CYES reception.
