This training manual details how to set up and run a Junior Farmer Field and Life Schools (JFFLS) programme. The programmes are designed to empower orphans and other vulnerable children aged 12 to 18 years who live in communities where HIV/AIDS has had a strong impact on food security. This Getting Started manual comprises two parts. The first part provides background information on the JFFLS approach, its origins and guiding principles. The second part describes how to initiate and manage a JFFLS. This part is divided into nine chapters, each representing a step that needs to be taken to implement a school.
The manual incorporates experience from people working with orphaned and vulnerable children living in areas with high HIV prevalence levels in Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The manual is generic and is meant to be used in different regions of the world. It can be adapted for use in areas where HIV prevalence is still very low but children are made vulnerable by extreme poverty, trafficking and conflict.
On Thursday, December 4, 2008, from 12:00 p.m. to 1:30 p.m. the Center for Global Development and The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies present a Massachusetts Avenue Development Seminar (MADS) featuring: Randall K. Q. Akee of the Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Germany with Emanuela Galasso of the Development Economics Research Group, World Bank.
The seminar will address recent research led by Akee on measuring the effect of parental income on child outcomes. The research, conducted in the Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation in the US, examined outcomes for the children of participants in a cash transfer program, and found that participants' children had higher levels of education and lower incidence of involvement in minor crime than their peers.
Access the full research paper.
Identifying the effect of parental incomes on child outcomes is difficult due to the correlation of unobserved ability and income. This study investigates this effect in the Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation in the United States.
Previous research has relied on the use of instrumental variables to identify the effect of a change in household income on the young adult outcomes of the household’s children. In this research, we examine the role that an exogenous increase in household income due to a government transfer unrelated to household characteristics plays in the long run outcomes for children in affected households. We find that children who are in households affected by the cash transfer program have higher levels of education in their young adulthood and a lower incidence of criminality for minor offenses. These effects differ by initial household poverty status as is expected.
We find that an additional $4000 per year for the poorest households increases educational attainment by one year at age 21 and reduces having ever committed a minor crime by 22% at ages 16-17. Second, we explore two possible mechanisms through which this exogenous increase in household income affects the long run outcomes of children -- parental time and parental quality. Parental quality and child interactions show a marked improvement while changes in parental time with child does not appear to matter.
This ILO paper reviews the rapidly-expanding literature on the relationships between child labour, education and health. With the renewed interest in child labour as an economic and social problem during the 1990s, researchers have attempted to assess its linkages to the core elements of human capital, hoping to solve continuing riddles in development policy and improve the quality of life for the world’s poorest and most disadvantaged inhabitants.
This review finds that the central questions of much of this research are wrongly posed, as they often fail to take into account the contexts of children and families around the world. The economic causes of child labour are not the same everywhere, nor are the cultural factors governing the role of children in society. Educational and health systems, and the expectations ordinary people have of them, also vary. This complexity poses large technical difficulties is measurement and analysis.
This one-page article considers how conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes have impacted on child labour. Several evaluations have found that CCT programmes have positive impacts on primary school attendance. Looking at a Brazilian case study, the author argues that the incentive provided by a cash transfer may not be sufficient to reduce child labour. Indeed CCT programmes could indirectly stimulate child labour instead of reduce it.
